Aha. I forgot about the MAP sensor. The PCM could make a pretty good guess about the load on the engine by watching the RPMs and the TPS. If the RPMs start dropping without the TPS changing, or if the throttle opens without the correct increase of RPM, then it indicates the engine is lugging and needs a lower gear.
Which was the function of the vacuum modulator on the old transmissions.
But, the MAP tells the PCM what the manifold vacuum is, so it can put all the pieces together to tell the amount of load on the engine.
Huh, never made the connection........