You should have had 12V at the stud on the back of the altenator even if it was junk--the battery current is always there even with the key off...engine off...so maybe that wire has a break in it somewhere...its possible your old altenator was junk,but that wire should have had juice there regardless..and it it did have an open curciut,running an altenator with no load can smoke it too,(as can using the crude test of pulling off the positive cable with the engine running)..
There are some 140 amp altenators that will bolt right up to a small block,depending on the year of the truck--ones with the typical 2 wire plug on them were available for a few years on some Buick,Olds and Pontic V6's in certain vehicles...sorry I dont know exactly which ones off hand,I got one off a Oldsmobile a friend was going to scrap,haven't used it yet,but it looks like it'll bolt up to the brackets my current 63 amp one is on..