Aggressive mud tires will wear faster than tires with milder tread patterns assuming the rubber compound is the same because there is more tread squirm and less rubber touching the road and getting scrubbed off. Theoretically if you have 25% less rubber touching the road than it will wear 25% faster, not including the tread squirm that can contribute to even faster wear.
Non-DOT off-road only implement tires have a really hard compound like you are suggesting, however they still wear fast on paved roads because of the above. I've seen guys run skid steer loader tires (Bobcats, etc... had a 33" tires for 16.5 rims) with the standard industrial lug patters. These tires are HARD, but they were still lucky to get 5,000 miles from them because of the lack of contact patch/rubber hitting the road.
The other trouble with DOT approved tires is that they have to be half-way decent on the pavement and other road services and rubber compounds suck on anything hard packed.