Don't forget you are not dealing with a simple data transfer here. Back when most cables were ALDL to RS232, you could often get away with just hooking the data out line to the data in of the computer port.
If not, then the simple transistor circuit you saw would act as a buffer.
Since RS232 data voltages were valid from about +3 to +25, the +12 from the port fit in just fine.
But USB is another kettle of fish.
Not only are they limited to approx. 5 volts, but its not just a simple 1 and 0 being different voltages.
It uses a differential transmission pair for data. D1 and D2 have to see voltages referenced to each other.
A simple buffer or resistor setup will not do.
That cable you had pretty much had to have a microprocessor in it to decode the data and re-encode it to something that USB would recognize.
This is why you don't see any schematics for those cables. Everybody probably uses a different processor and program. I suspect that there was a capacitor in it for a filter, which kept things hot for a while but gradually bled off.
That is why the resistance changed. It varied depending on whether or not the processor was running.
Interestingly, there seems to be some RS232 to USB adapters that will work. Just build the RS232 cable and plug it into the adapter.