Couple of points. If the cooling system is full with no air, then there are several things that can cause it to run hot.
But, wide temp swings are almost always one of two things.
Thermostat or fan clutch.
I have seen some weird ones, like the impeller slipping on the water pump shaft, or a glazed belt, but that is really unusual.
My Ford, came with the supercooling package. Which included a more aggressive fan and heavier fan clutch.
First time I took it out on the highway, I was driving along on the four lane and heard a car about to pass me.
I had not seen him in the mirror, and he never went by.
Just faded away.
About the third time that happened, I realized that it was the fan kicking in. Made fairly loud roaring sound.
Nothing you would notice over the radio, but definitely different.
I also noticed my temperature gauge would move over toward the high side of normal, the fan noise would ramp up, the gauge would move down and the noise would ease back off.
The gauge has numbers, but I don't remember the swing. If I had to guess, I'd say about 20 degrees or so.
Probably 300K later, it still does it. I have replaced the clutch a few times over the 24 years, and a couple of times I got the standard fan clutch by mistake.
Every time, the noise did not happen, the temp swings did not occur, but it ran hotter and the clutch did not last long.
If you have aggressive tires, you probably cannot tell, but if its fairly quiet, try listening carefully when the temp gauge gets to the top of its swing.
If its the fan clutch, you might hear the fan noise increase.
Of course, if you do not have a fan clutch or are using an electric fan, then don't bother reading the first part of this........